horizontal agreements meaning

• [Law]
  Agreements between companies at the same level of trade; for example, agreements between two or more manufacturers or wholesalers, rather than between a manufacturer and a distributor (compare VERTICAL AGREEMENTS). Horizontal agreements that restrict competition may infringe the competition provisions of Article 81 of the Treaty of Rome and the Chapter I prohibition in the Competition Act 1998. Most cartels are horizontal agreements.

• horizontal:    Adjective: horizon ...
• cofinancing agreements:    [Finance]Joint par ...
• europe agreements:    [Economics]Agreeme ...

Examples

1. The R & D agreements are horizontal agreements of minor importance.
2. Initially, Microsoft attempted to eliminate competition from Netscape by seeking an express horizontal agreement not to compete.
3. The investigation produced " no evidence of horizontal agreement on price or output at any level of supply ."
4. The Second Circuit said, " We agree with the district court that this was insufficient evidence of a horizontal agreement to withstand summary judgment ."
5. These are primarily in the form of horizontal agreements ( agreements to collude between firms on the same level of the supply chain such as retailers or wholesalers ).